Anonymized index, taken from the middle six chapters of a history/government report.
Page numbers in italics indicate accounts of students and Survivors in their own words.
A
Aboriginal peoples. See Indigenous peoples
abuse of students. See discipline and punishment; sexual abuse; student labour
Aklavik (Anglican mission school), NT
about, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23
accounts of, 22, 24, 26, 37–39, 50
discipline and punishment, 26
family separation, 25
languages at school, 24, 25, 53
Aklavik (Catholic mission school), NT
about, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22–23
education system, 24, 25, 32, 53
living and building conditions, 26, 29, 32
school-official accounts, 20, 23, 49–50
Survivor and student accounts, 24, 26, 39–41, 44
Aklavik (public day school), NT, 23
Alderwood, H. A. (school official), 63
Alice Rae, Sister (nun, school official), 39
All Saints School, NT. See Aklavik (Anglican mission school), NT
Anglican Church
education services to Indigenous peoples, 11, 53–54, 55, 57–58, 62, 65–69
missionary period in North, 13–15
See also language issues; missionaries; mission schools; religious rivalries; residential schools; individual clergy
Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS), 13, 15
Anisalouk (relative of student), 37, 38
Arey, Rita (relative of student), 26
Arviat (residential school), NU, 52
Aynounik (student), 37
B
Bailey, S. J. (government official), 53
Baird, P. D. (government official), 51, 54
Baptist Church
education services to Indigenous peoples, 58, 65–69
rivalry with Anglican Church, 58, 65–66, 68–69
Bessant, Sister (nun, school official), 39
Blondin-Perrin, Alice (student), 41–42
Blondin-Perrin, Joseph (student), 41
Blondin-Perrin, Muriel (student), 41
Bompas, William Carpenter (Anglican clergy), 13–14, 15, 58
Boss, Jim (Indigenous leader), 65
Bourget, C. (medical personnel), 28
Breynat, Gabriel (Catholic clergy), 11, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27
Breynat Hall (Catholic residential school), NT, 42
building conditions, 28, 31–32, 35, 50, 58, 60
See also fires and fire hazards; living conditions; individual schools
Burns, Frederick (medical personnel), 62
Bury, H. B. (government official), 46
Bury, H. J. (government official), 28
C
Canada Moves North (R. Finnie), 48–49
Canadian government. See federal government
Canadien, Albert (student), 42–44
Carcross (IRS) (Anglican mission school), YT, 15, 57, 58–65
career expectations for students
fishing, hunting, and trapping, 14, 21, 24, 45, 46, 64
housekeeping and domestic work, 22, 47, 49, 64, 66
manual labour, 22, 23, 25, 47–48, 49, 66
skilled trades, 25–26, 48, 64, 66
See also education system; student labour
Caroline (student), 29
Catholic Church
education services to Indigenous peoples, 11, 37, 52, 53, 54, 55
missionary period in North, 13–15
rivalry with Anglican Church, 13–14, 15, 19–20, 21, 40
Treaty negotiations and, 11
See also language issues; missionaries; Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate; mission schools; residential schools; Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual clergy and nuns
Charles, relation of Jean (student), 29
Charlie, Jane S. (student), 24
Chesterfield Inlet (Catholic residential school), NU, 4, 52, 53, 54
Chooulta (Anglican mission school), YT. See Carcross (IRS) (Anglican mission school), YT
Churchill, MB, 4, 47–48
Church of England. See Anglican Church
Clut, Isidore (Catholic clergy), 13, 14
colonialism
education and, 11, 20–21, 26, 46, 48, 52
federal sovereignty and, 10, 48
Labrador, 12
residential schools and, 53–55, 59, 61, 65
Comer, George (cartographer and ethnologist), 26
Conroy, H. A. (government official), 45
Cook, Henry G. (Anglican clergy), 53, 54, 68
Coppermine/Coppermine Tent Hostel (Anglican residential school), NU, 54
Cory, W. W. (government official), 10, 20
D
Daukaly (Hammond Dick) (student), 67
Davey, R. F. (government official), 54, 67
Dawson City (Anglican residential school), YT, 58
day schools
about, 3, 4, 17, 18, 22, 52
church missions and, 57–58
First Nations peoples and, 46, 65
funding and support, 19, 53–54, 60
residential schools vs, 47, 53, 63
See also colonialism; mission schools; residential schools
deaths at school
from disease, 28–31, 62, 63, 66
from fire, 32
from negligence, 59
from overwork, 34
from starvation, 60–61
unspecified causes, 60
See also medical care
Department of Indian Affairs
Indian Act amended, 12
Indian Affairs schools, 52
mission schools and, 3, 18, 28, 32, 33, 34
residential schools and, 45–46, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69
school funding, 11, 15, 18, 21, 65, 69
Treaties and, 15
See also mission schools; residential schools; individual government officials
Department of Mines and Natural Resources, 21, 36, 48, 51–52
Department of Northern Affairs, 3, 23
Department of the Interior, 10, 11–12, 18–19, 47
See also Finnie, O. S. (government official); individual government officials
Dewdney, A. S. (Anglican clergy), 34
discipline and punishment
general, 26–27, 38, 40, 43, 44
as harsh or cruel, 4, 17, 33, 39, 62, 63–64
language use and, 24, 38, 41, 43, 59, 67
resistance to by students, 42
See also student labour
disease outbreaks at school, 28–31, 34, 59–60, 62, 66, 68
See also deaths at school; medical care
doctors. See medical care; individual medical personnel
Dora, sister of Angela Sidney (student), 59
E
École des Saints-Anges (Catholic mission school), AB. See Fort Chipewyan (Catholic mission school), AB
Education in Canada’s Northland, 54–55
“The Education of Eskimo and Destitute Orphan White Children” (Urquhart), 47
education system, mission schools
absence of representation, 42, 43
aims, 14, 20–21, 47, 69
attainment, 18, 19, 21, 22, 34–35
criticism of, 37, 38, 45–50, 53, 58
curriculum, 14, 21, 22–23, 49, 50
family separation, 33, 46
gendered division of, 40, 41
the South and, 21, 25–26
See also career expectations for students; colonialism; discipline and punishment; religious instruction; residential schools; individual schools
Elias, Lillian (student), 24, 26
enrolment at schools, 18–19, 21, 22, 34, 48, 66
See also individual schools
Erasmus, Bill (relative of student), 26, 33
Erasmus, Bill’s father (student), 33–34
Erasmus, Bill’s great-aunt (student), 26
Eskimo. See Inuit
Eunice (student), 60
Evans, E. D. (school official), 59
F
Fafard, François-Xavier (Catholic clergy), 52
family separation
aim of schooling, 46, 53, 54
culture loss and, 25, 38, 39, 44, 48, 53
distance and disconnection, 4, 20, 35, 44, 52, 67–68
loneliness, 38, 42, 43
from siblings at school, 37, 41, 59
years away, 17, 18, 32, 33
See also inter-generational impacts
Faraud, Henri (Catholic clergy), 13, 14, 15
federal funding of schools
First Nations students, 18–19
Inuit students, 11–12, 18–19, 20
vs other countries, 47
as oversight mechanism, 29
salaries, 11, 23, 54–55, 65
scarcity, 48, 58, 62, 65, 66
Treaties and, 15
See also funding of schools
federal government
Indian Act, 11, 12, 18–19, 34, 64
Indigenous policies and services, 3, 11–12, 19, 51–55, 58
mission school expansion, 17
Northern policy and economic interests, 3, 9–12, 48, 57
Northwest Territories Act, 51
North-West Territories Act, 10, 11
residential schools and, 3, 51–55, 58, 68
Treaties, 3, 10–11, 12, 15, 57
See also colonialism; day schools; federal funding of schools; provincial governments; residential schools; territorial governments; individual departments; individual government officials
Federal Hostel at Baker Lake (residential school), NU, 52
Federal Hostel at Eskimo Point (residential school), NU, 52
Federal Hostel at Frobisher Bay (Ukkivik) (residential school), NU, 4
Federal Hostel at Port Harrison (residential school), QC, 54
Finnie, O. S. (government official)
director of Northwest Territories and Yukon Branch, 10
on missionary rivalry, 20
services and responsibility for Inuit, 11–12, 19, 26, 33, 47
Finnie, Richard (writer), 48–49
fires and fire hazards, 22, 32, 62, 63, 67, 68
First Nations peoples
lifestyles, 10–11, 41, 46
residential vs day schools, 46, 65, 67
schools and, 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 64
Treaties and, 3, 10–11, 12, 15, 57
See also individual students; individual Survivor accounts
fishing, hunting, and trapping
career expectations for students, 14, 21, 24, 53, 55, 64
education’s interference with, 46
food supply for schools, 27, 28, 33, 61–62
Indigenous rights and, 11
by students, 33, 40, 44
See also fur trade
Fleming, A. L. (Anglican clergy), 25–26, 27, 46
food issues
fishing, hunting, and trapping, 33, 38, 40
nutrition and diet, 28, 37, 42, 59, 61
quality, 27–28, 33, 63–64
scarcity, 14, 17, 27, 60–61, 67
supply logistics, 27, 28, 31–32, 38
Fort Chipewyan (Catholic mission school), AB, 14, 15, 27, 28, 30
Fort George (Anglican residential school), QC, 12, 52
Fort George (Catholic residential school), QC, 12, 52
Fort Providence/Fort Providence Boarding Home (Catholic mission school), NT
about, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 34
discipline and punishment, 24, 25, 26
food issues, 14, 27
languages at school, 24
living and building conditions, 14, 27, 28–29, 32, 35
medical care, 24, 25, 28, 29–30
runaways, 35–36
school-official accounts, 14, 27, 28, 29–30
student labour, 15, 25
Survivor accounts, 24, 25, 26, 42–44
Treaties and, 15
See also Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual students; individual Survivor accounts
Fort Resolution/Fort Resolution Residence (Catholic mission school), NT
about, 17, 18, 19–20, 22, 23, 49
languages at school, 24, 41
living and building conditions, 19–20, 27–28, 30, 32, 34, 35
school-official accounts, 22, 27–28, 30, 35, 49
student labour, 34
Survivor accounts, 33, 34, 41–42
See also Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual students; individual Survivor accounts
Fort Smith, NT, 10, 34
Fort Smith (Catholic residential school), NT, 4, 42
Fort Smith (public school), NT, 51
Forty Mile (Anglican mission school), YT, 15, 58
French, Alice (Masak) (student), 37–39
Frobisher Bay, NU, See Iqaluit, NU
funding of schools
cuts, 4, 18
private funding, 14, 26
salaries, 11, 23
scarcity, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18–19, 21
Treaties and, 15
See also federal funding of schools
Furlong, Arthur (student), 26
Furlong, Fred (student), 26
fur trade, 10, 12, 38
See also fishing, hunting, and trapping
G
Gargan, Samuel (student), 24, 25, 27
Gibson, R. A. (government official), 51
Gibson, Roy (government official), 52
Gilbert, Sister (nun, school official), 39
government. See federal government
Grandin, Vital (Catholic clergy), 11
Grandin College (Catholic residential school), NT, 4
Grant, H. C. M. (school official), 61–62, 63
Grantham, E. N. (government official), 54
Great Slave Lake, NT, 10, 25, 32, 52
Green, A. E. (government official), 58
Grey Nuns (Sisters of Charity). See Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns)
Grollier, Henri (Catholic clergy), 13
Grollier Hall (residential school), NT, 4
H
Halifax naval college, 25
Hammond Dick (Daukaly) (student), 67
Harris, T. W. (government official), 33
Hawksley, John (Anglican clergy, school official), 58, 60, 61–62, 65
Hay River, NT, 34
Hay River (Anglican mission school), NT
about, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 34
accounts of, 27, 28, 30, 46
food issues, 27, 28, 31–32
language at school, 22
living and building conditions, 28, 29, 30, 31–32
HBC (Hudson’s Bay Company), 13, 14, 26
Hinds, E. M. (school official), 54
Hoey, R. A. (government official), 49, 52
Holy Angels (Catholic mission school), AB. See Fort Chipewyan (Catholic mission school), AB
Honorine, Sister (nun, school official), 35
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 13, 14, 26
Hunt, L. A. C. O. (government official), 29
Hunter, James (Anglican clergy), 13
hunting. See fishing, hunting, and trapping
I
Igluligaarjuk, NU, 4
Immaculate Conception. See Aklavik (Catholic mission school), NT
Indian Act, 11, 12, 18–19, 34, 64
Indians. See Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples, 3, 10–12, 13–15, 19, 51
See also federal government; First Nations peoples; Inuit; Métis; individual students; individual Survivor accounts
Inoucdjouac (residential school), QC, 54
Inoucdouac (residential school), QC, 54
inter-generational impacts, 4, 17, 24–25, 44, 65
See also family separation
Inuit
cultural continuity pre-1950, 10
educational services for, 3, 11–12, 18–19, 22, 33, 45–52
employment, 20–21, 25
fur trade, 10, 12, 38
Indian Act, 11, 12
jurisdiction over, 11–12, 19, 20, 26, 51
North-West Territories Act, 11
studied by federal government, 10, 48
support for and input on schools, 39, 51, 53, 54
See also colonialism; religious rivalries; individual Survivor accounts
Inukjuak (residential school), QC, 54
Inuvik (residential school), NT, 4
Iqaluit (residential school), NU, 4
Isidore (student), 30
J
Jean, relation of Charles (student), 29
Jeckell, George (government official), 57
Jenness, Diamond (anthropologist), 19, 25, 47–48
Jim, Daisy (student), 59
Jimmy, Bertha (student), 63
Johnny, relative of Angela Sidney (student), 59
Jones, Mabel (school official), 30–31
Jutras, M. G. (government official, school official), 63
K
Keenleyside, Hugh (government official), 52
King, Richard (anthropologist), 63
Kirby, I. F. (government official), 34
Kirkby, W. W. (Anglican clergy), 13
Kitto, F. H. (government official), 45, 46
Klondike gold rush, 9, 10, 57
Krech, Shepard (anthropologist), 28
Kristoff, Sister (nun, school official), 40
Kristoff, Sister E. (nun, school official), 49–50
L
Lacombe, Albert (Catholic clergy), 11
Lacroix, Marc (Catholic clergy), 54
Laferty, James (student), 35
Laird, David (government official), 15
language issues
communication barriers, 24–25, 41, 43, 49
Indigenous languages, 9, 38, 41, 43, 53, 67
language of instruction, 4, 17, 22, 23–24, 45, 54
missionary languages, 23–24
Lapointe, Sister S. (nun, school official), 49
Laura, mother of Mabel Martin (relative of student), 30
Laviolette, G. (Catholic clergy), 54
Lee, Earl (school official), 67, 68, 69
Lee, H. J. (Baptist clergy, school official), 65, 66, 67
Lennie, Angus (student), 44
Lennie, Ernistine (relative of student), 44
Lennie, Johnnie (relative of student), 44
living conditions
clothing, 38, 41, 42, 44
overcrowding, 14, 18, 29, 31, 35
sleeping arrangements, 14–15, 31, 32
teacher recruitment and, 50
See also building conditions
Lothian, W. F. (government official), 51
Lower Post (Catholic residential school), BC, 58, 69
M
Mackenzie River basin, NT, 11, 13–14, 15, 17, 20, 23
Macrae, J. A. (government official), 45–46
Makinson, G. T. (government official), 34
Marsh, T. J. (Anglican clergy), 15
Martin, father of Mabel Martin, (relative of student), 30
Martin, Mabel (student), 30–31
Masak (Alice French) (student), 37–39
“Mass Education in African Society” (British Colonial Office), 51
McCabe, Mary (school official), 48
McDonald, Robert (Anglican clergy), 13
McGill, Harold (government official), 47
McKinnon, J. W. (government official), 22, 24, 45
McLean, J. D. (government official), 33
McQuillan, Sister (nun, school official), 20
McQuirk, Sister (nun, school official), 29
medical care, 24, 25, 26, 35, 37, 47
See also deaths at school; disease outbreaks at school; individual medical personnel
Meek, R. J. (government official), 66
memoirs. See school-official accounts; individual Survivor accounts
Métis
distances traveled for school, 4
Indian Act status, 11
public schools and, 66
students, 3, 14, 15, 19, 44, 58
Miller, Donald (student), 66
missionaries, 11, 13–15, 19–21, 23–24, 52, 58
See also priests; Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual clergy
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 13–14, 23–24
See also individual clergy
Missionary Society of the Church of England, 53
mission schools
about, 4, 21, 23, 42, 48, 69
criticism of, 45–50, 53
forced enrolment and compulsory attendance, 33, 34, 35–36
North vs South, 3–4, 21, 48, 69
Northwest Territories, 17–18
oversight of, 29, 45, 48, 49
residential schools and, 14, 47
resistance to, 24, 32–35
transportation to, 17, 23, 34
Treaties and, 11–12
See also education system, mission schools; enrolment at schools; funding of schools; missionaries; parents of Indigenous students; religious rivalries; residential schools; individual schools
mission stations, 13–15, 57, 58
See also missionaries; mission schools
Moore, Andrew (government official), 50, 51, 52
Moravian Brotherhood, 12
Moses (student), 31
Mounted Police. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP); Royal North-West Mounted Police
N
Nielsen, Erik (government official), 64
non-Indigenous students, 3, 18–19, 47, 48, 49, 66
Northwest Territories
Council of the Northwest Territories, 10, 29, 33, 47, 51–52
historical overview, 9–11
language at schools, 23–24
missionaries to, 13–14
population, 51
residential school jurisdiction, 3, 48
schools overview, 14–15, 17–19, 51–55
North-West Territories, 9–10, 17
See also Northwest Territories
Northwest Territories Act, 51
North-West Territories Act, 10, 11
Northwest Territories Administration, 48
Northwest Territories and Yukon Branch, 10, 11–12, 19
See also Finnie, O. S. (government official)
nutrition in schools. See food issues
O
Oblate Indian and Eskimo Commission, 11
Oblates. See Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
oil discovery, 10, 11
Oldenburg, Margaret (researcher), 24–25
Oliver, Frank (government official), 58
orphans, 15, 18, 28, 33, 47, 49
Oudlanak/Oudlynnock, Benjamin (student), 26
Oudlanak/Oudlynnock, John Ell (relative of student), 25–26
P
parents of Indigenous students
concern over school conditions and curriculum, 14, 22, 25–26, 32–35, 59, 62
educational options for children, 11, 21, 23, 39, 67–68
enrolment consent, 4, 21, 33, 34, 35–36, 39
resistance to schools, 20, 32–35, 60, 63, 67–68
See also family separation; inter-generational impacts; individual relatives of students
Phelan, Philip (government official), 66
Phillips, R. A. J. (government official), 23
policeSee Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP); Royal North-West Mounted Police
Porsild, A. E. (government official), 47
priests, 23, 26, 41, 43, 52, 53
Proctor, H. A. (medical personnel), 54
Protestant International Grenfell Association, 12
Protestants. See Anglican Church; Baptist Church
provincial governments, 12
See also territorial governments
Pudlutt, Samuel (student), 26
Q
Qamani’tuaq/Qamanittuaq (residential school), NU, 52
Québec, 9, 12, 52
R
rcmp. See Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Reed, Hayter (government official), 62
religious instruction
curriculum, 14, 49
mission school aim, 19, 22–23, 31, 43, 49
religious rivalries
Anglican vs Baptist, 58, 65–66, 68–69
Anglican vs Catholic, 13–14, 15, 19–20, 21, 40
Residence Couture (Catholic residential school), QC, 12, 52
residential schools
about, 3–5, 12, 15, 18, 19, 62
education system, 51–55, 58, 69
missionary support, 52–54, 58, 65–66
See also day schools; discipline and punishment; federal funding of schools; mission schools; individual schools
Riopel, J. H. (government official), 32
Roberts, Ada (student), 60
Robson, Ivan (school official), 69
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
criticism of mission schools, 49
day school support, 53
policing the North, 10, 19
school enrolment enforcement, 18–19, 42
as truancy officers, 31, 33, 34, 36, 44, 64
Royal North-West Mounted Police, 9, 10
runaways, 35–36, 39, 44, 63–64
Ruth (student), 64
S
Sacred Heart (Catholic mission school), NT. See Fort Providence/Fort Providence Boarding Home (Catholic mission school), NT
Sainte-Thérèse-de-l’Enfant-Jésus (Catholic residential school), QC, 12, 52
Sakaluk, Joseph (student), 31
Samuel (student), 29
Sanggiak (relative of student), 37, 38
school-official accounts
criticism response, 49–50
death and disease, 28, 29–31, 60
discipline, 62, 63, 64, 68
education system, 21, 22, 23, 48, 49, 50
family separation, 46, 50
fire hazards, 67
food issues, 14, 27–28, 59
overcrowding, 14, 31
religious rivalry between missionaries, 20
runaways, 35, 63
See also individual school officials; individual Survivor accounts
Scott, Duncan Campbell (government official), 12, 30, 65
Scott, Frank (poet), 24
sexual abuse, 26–27, 62
Shepherd, H. S. (school official), 50
Shields, L. R. (Southern Yukon Children’s Aid Society), 68
Shingle Point (Anglican mission school), YT
about, 17, 19, 20, 21
food issues, 27
living conditions, 27, 30, 31
medical care, 29, 30
school-official accounts, 29, 30–31
Sidney, Angela (student), 59
Sidney, Angela’s father (relative of student), 59
Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns)
language use, 23–24, 43
living conditions, 14, 19–20, 30
sexual abuse and, 27
student labour, 15
student memories of, 39, 41
as teachers, 14, 19–20, 54
See also school-official accounts; individual nuns
Soka, Sister (nun, school official), 39
Sophie, cousin of Angela Sidney (student), 59
Stanger, C. T. (school official), 63
Stewart, Charles (government official), 20
St. Joseph’s (Catholic mission school), NT. See Fort Resolution/Fort Resolution Residence (Catholic mission school), NT
St. Joseph’s Mission (Catholic residential school), QC, 12, 52
Stockton, E. E. (government official), 59
St. Paul’s Hostel (Anglican residential school), YT, 58. See Chesterfield Inlet (Catholic residential school), NU
St. Peter’s (Anglican mission school), NT. See Hay River (Anglican mission school), NT
St. Phillip’s (Anglican residential school), QC, 12, 52
Stringer, Isaac (Anglican clergy, school official), 21, 30, 58, 60, 65
student labour
complaints over, 15, 34
domestic work, 37–38, 42
field work, 43
general, 25, 40, 54–55, 65, 67
nuns’ objections to, 22
See also career expectations for students
Sub-Committee on Eskimo Education, 54
Survivors, 4, 5
See also inter-generational impacts; individual relatives of students; individual students; individual Survivor accounts
T
teachers
language knowledge, 23–25, 53
nuns, 14, 43
priests, 26, 43
qualifications, 23, 50, 52, 66
salaries, 11, 23, 54–55, 65
traveling with Inuit, 52, 54
See also missionaries; school-official accounts; Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns); individual school officials
territorial governments, 9, 10, 21, 57, 66
Thrasher, Anthony (student), 39–41
Treaties, 3, 10–11, 12, 15, 57
Trocellier, Joseph-Marie (Catholic clergy), 22–23
Trudeau, Pierre (government official), 24
Turquetil Hall (Catholic residential school). See Carcross (IRS) (Anglican mission school), YT
Turquetil Hall (Catholic residential school), NU. See Chesterfield Inlet (Catholic residential school), NU
Tyzya, James (student), 65
Tyzya/Tizya, Clara (relative of student), 57, 60
U
Ukkivik (residential school), NU, 4
United States military, 51, 62
Urquhart, J. A. (medical personnel), 47
V
Vale, A. J. (school official), 22, 28, 46
Vowell, A. W. (government official, school official), 58
W
Waller, L. G. P. (government official), 34–35
Walter (student), 31
Walters, Yvette (student), 32
Wherrett, George (medical personnel), 29
White, Fred (government official), 10
Whitehorse/Baptist Indian School/Whitehorse Baptist Mission (Baptist residential school), YT, 58, 65–69
Whitehorse/Coudert Hall (Catholic residential school), YT, 68
Whitehorse/Yukon Hall (Protestant residential school), 58, 64, 69
Wood, S. T. (government official), 33
Wright, J. G. (government official), 52, 53, 54
Y
Yellowknife (public school), NT, 51
Yukon
historical overview, 9–10
missionaries to, 13–15, 58, 69
population, 51, 57
schools, general, 3, 57