Sample History Index 1

Index extracted from a work of early modern scholarly history, published with an academic press.

Acosta Noguera, Duarte de (ship captain), 185

Adelman, Jeremy, 103

Africans and Afro-descended people. see also captive Africans, see also enslaved peoples, see also environmental determinism, see also ethnicity, see also militia, free-colored, see also religion and spirituality, see also witchcraft

African diaspora, 144

African identities lost, 197–98

African provenance zones, 138, 225, 245

African traditions retained, 232–33

Africanist-creolist debate, 197–200

Afro-Mexicans, 324, 339

Caribbean distinct from mainland, 91

Caribbean migrants in Veracruz, 240–47

confraternities, 227, 230–38, 240

confraternities of San Benito, 234

Corpus Christi processions and dances, 220–30, 238

creole population and caste system, 172, 216–18, 228–30, 324

creolizing process, 208, 233–37

dialogic identities in New Spain, 200–203

kidnapping from New Spain, 299–301, 336

maroon settlements, 145, 317

marriage, 211–13, 216–19

Mexican migrants in Veracruz, 246

migration of free blacks to New World, 188–89

movements policed, 87

participation in colonization, 144–47

and racism, 89–90, 234–37

weapons restrictions on, 314–17

women in leadership, 232

table: African Descent Patients of the Hospital NS de Loreto, 248

table: African Ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205

table: African Second Names in the Tlacotalpan, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellín Padrones, 215

Afro-Mexicans, 324, 339

Afro-Mexico, 10

Afro-Olmec origin theory, 35–37

agriculture, 93–94

Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo, 160, 162, 179, 197, 199

Aguirre, Martín de (ship captain), 154

Akwamu, 206

Almindez Cherino, Pedro (conquistador), 183

Altman, Ida, 14

Ambrozio (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Amerindians. see Indigenous peoples

Andrea (friend of Melchora de Torres), 267

Andrés, Gaspar (ship captain), 128

Angola, 203, 207, 208, 245

Angola, Maria (enslaved woman), 185

Angola, María (hospital patient), 245

Angola, Sebastian (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Antigua Veracruz. see also Nueva Veracruz, see also San Juan de Ulúa, see also Ulúacan Coast, see also Veracruz harbor, 

accounts of, 50

attack by English corsairs (1568), 52

ethnic demographics, 146

health and climate, 46–51

hurricane (1552), 44–45, 51, 58

relocation, 42, 43, 54–55, 58

renamed Nueva Ciudad de Veracruz, 58

Antonelli, Giovanni Bautista (military engineer), 105, 146, 302

Antonia (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Antonio (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Antonio, Joan (slave importer), 186

Aranguti, Martín de (merchant), 178

Arara, Antonío (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Arará/Arda/Allada, 206

Arenas, Antón (sailor), 155

Arias, Francisco (merchant), 178

Arriaga, Isabel de (enslaved woman), 277

Arrieta, Martim de (ship captain), 165

Arrieta, Santiago de (ship captain), 165

Arriola, Andres de (expedition commander), 339

Arrola, Mattheo de (Geonese man), 281

Asante, 206

attacks and raids. see also defenses

Carib attack on Spanish (1625), 61

English invasion of Jamaica (1655), 224

French occupation of Hispaniola, 322

maroon settlements and Spanish settlements, 317

on Cadíz (1596), 306

on San Germán (1536), 309

sack of Veracruz, 1683, 1, 297–301, 312–14, 322–23, 328

on San Juan de Ulúa (1568), 52

slave rebellions, 316, 317–18

Augusto, Sebastian (merchant), 164

Ávila, Juan de (friar), 300, 314

Balbuena, Bernardo de (abbot), 93

Baltasar (curandero), 282, 284

Banda region, 222

Bando (ethnonym), 222, 225

Bassi, Ernesto, 102

Before Mestizaje (Vinson III), 216

Bejarano, Gaspar de (free-black carpenter), 293

Bello, Antonia (tried by Inquisition), 257

Bendo (ethnonym), 222

Bennett, Herman, 198

Beq, Baltasar (slave trader), 178

Berengel, Juan (merchant), 307

Bernave (enslaved man), 253

Bertrand, Michel, 104

Biafara, Leonor (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Blacks in Colonial Veracruz (Carroll), 200

Blas Antonio (Blas Prudencia) (native of Puerto del Principe), 216–18, 241

Block, Kristen, 253

Bolas, Juan de (Juan Lubolo) (maroon ship captain), 224

Bolton, Herbert, 339

Borucki, Alex, 193

Bourbon Reforms, 236–37, 322, 323

Boyer, Richard, 291

Brathwaite, Edward Kamau, 12

Bravo, Antonio (ship captain), 169

Briñon, Nicolás (Nicholas van Hoorn) (corsair), 297

Bristol, Joan Cameron, 266

British South Sea Company, 181

Buitrón, Juan González de (license receiver), 53

Buiza, Alonso de (resident of the interior), 45

Butel-Dumont, Georges-Marie, 341

Cabrera, Adriana Ruiz de (free-black woman), 270–76, 282

Cádiz, 306, 309

Calvo, Antonio (friar), 63

camino real, 64

Campeche, 336

Campos Moreno, Araceli, 260

Campos, María de (enslaved woman), 293

Cancino, Guillermo (priest), 289

Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, 89

Çapata, Juan "Espichueta" (sailor), 272, 275

captive Africans. see also Africans and Afro-descended people, see also enslaved peoples, see also ethnicity, see also slave ships, see also slave trade

arrival in Veracruz, 139

and health, 140, 177

household captives, 182

impounding of, 168, 170

number imported (1595-1640), 161

resident population of Veracruz, 141

social networks and shipmate ties, 193–94

table: African ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205

Carabalí, 206

Careri, Francesco Gemelli (traveler and physician), 84, 92

Carib people, 61

Caribbean. see also Africans and Afro-descended people, see also Mexican-Caribbean,

 see also trade, 

Caribbean experiential, 69

defense and defenses, 309, 310–12

defense reliance on Spain, 309

geological history, 29

historiography of, 11–12

Veracruz as western limit, 60

Veracruz within Caribbean frame, 1, 6–10, 15–17, 341–46

Carillo de Mendoza, Diego (viceroy), 130

Carroll, Patrick, 199

Cartagena

account of, 91–93

as metonym for spiritual wrongdoing, 273, 285

Santa Marta inquisitions, 255, 257

slave ship traffic, 175

transatlantic trade's economic impact, 109

table: Cartagena Shipping Traffic, 111

Carte de l’archipel de Mexique (Nolin and Coronelli), 341

Casa de la Contratación, 187, 188, 289, 307

Castillo Palma, Norma Angélica, 192

Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio (priest), 140

Cazanga, Ysabela (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Ceballos, Roque Gutiérrez de (sugar plantation owner), 277

Cespedes, Juan de, 94

Cevallos, Agustina de (apprentice diviner and healer), 271–76

Chalchitlapasco (Sacrificios), 25, 26, 38

Champlain, Samuel de (navigator), 30

Chaunu, Huguette, 155, 156

Chaunu, Pierre, 155, 156

chocolate, 126–29, 253

Cholula, 257

Ciudad Real, Antonio de (priest), 82

climate, 31, 33–34, 44–45, 51, 58, 67–69, see environmental determinism, see also disease

cognitive distance, 117, 119, 120

Cohen, Theodore, 199

Colo, Francisco (enslaved hospital laborer), 78, 80

Concepcion (ship), 184

La Concepcion (slave ship), 154, 167

confraternities, 227, 230–38, 240

conversos, 127–29

Córdoba, Fernández de (viceroy of New Spain), 88

Coromantee/Koromantine, 206

Coronación y San Benito confraternity, 234

Coronelli, Vincenzo (engraver), 341

Corpus Christi processions and dances, 220–30, 237

Cortés, Hernando (conquistador), 39–44

Cotaxtla, 37–38

Cotrina, Antonio (contador), 57, 133

Council of the Indies, 307–8, 338

Cozar, Diego de (free-black man), 279

creole ecology, 68

Cromwell, Jesse, 102

Cromwell, Oliver (Lord Protector of England), 90, 322

Cuba

gun foundry, 308, 311

Havana, 91–93, 109–12, 115

re-Africanization, 238

table: Havana Shipping Traffic, 110

table: Vessels in Havana and Veracruz by Region, 121

Cueva, Francisco Fernández de la (viceroy), 322

Curaçao, 177

dances, 221–27, 237

defenses. see also attacks and raids, see also Mexican-Caribbean, see also militia, free-colored

Antonelli system of fortresses, 105, 310–11

attack on Cádiz (1596), 306

attack on San Juan de Ulúa (1568), 52

attack on Veracruz (1683), 297–301, 312–13, 322–23, 328

Bourbon Reforms, 322, 323

collusion by Spanish subjects, 313–14, 318–19

defensive strategy shift, 309–12

disease impacts, 304, 319–20

enslaved and free people of color, 304

forts under-strength, 319–21

gun foundry, 308, 311

overview of problems, 301–5, 307–9

port–coast co-dependence, 321

and regional trade, 328

shipping schedules guarded, 313

Situado system, 327

threats to Spain's colonial enterprise, 312, 321–23, 326–27, 336–39

Ulúacan Coast colonial defense, 53

weapons restrictions, 314–17

Delgado, Hernando (ship captain), 185

demographics. see also enslaved peoples, see also captive Africans, see also ethnicity

Caribbean migrants in Veracruz, 240–47

ethnic demographics of Antigua Veracruz, 146

ethnic demographics of San Juan de Ulúa, 146

Indigenous population, 49, 172

Mexican migrants in Veracruz, 246

population increase along Ulúacan Coast, 71

Portuguese residents, 287–89

and public health, 71–74

slave trade provenance data, 150, 159, 162–63, 176, 182, 225

of soldiers, 83, 320

table: Ships Arriving with Captives in New Spain by Provenance, 151

table: Ships Arriving with Captives in Spanish Caribbean by Provenance, 151

table: African Descent Patients of the Hospital NS de Loreto, 248

table: African Ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205

table: Census of Tlacotalpan, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellín, 212

table: Inquisitions Involving Santa Marta in Mexico and Cartagena, 256

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (expedition member), 30, 37, 38

Díaz, Jorge (slave importer), 183

disease. see also environmental determinism, see also healers, curers, and diviners, see also hospitals, 

climate and early modern medical theories, 47–49, 77

and defense, 304, 319–20

links to Caribbean, 78

pestilence in Puerto Rico, 94

Saint Sebastian as patron of Veracruz, 71

smallpox epidemics, 48–49

and Veracruz, 70

yellow fever, 76–78, 79–81, 88, 319–20

divination. see healers, curers, and diviners, see witchcraft

Domingo of the Angolan nation (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Dominguilla (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Dutch Coymans company, 175

Dutch West India Company, 174

Eagle, Marc, 192

Eguiluz, Paula de (Afro-Caribbean healer), 256, 257

Elliott, John, 13

Elvas, Antonio Fernandes de (asiento holder), 170, 185

La Encarnacion (slave ship), 164, 241

Enriquez (mestizo muleteer), 280

Enríquez de Almanza, Martín (viceroy of New Spain), 52

Enríquez, Benito (ship captain), 128

Enriquez, Catalina (alleged Judaizer), 288

Enríquez, Martín (viceroy), 54, 140

enslaved peoples. see also Africans and Afro-descended people, see also captive Africans, see also ethnicity, see also slave ships, see also slave trade

agricultural labor, 94

as defense forces, 304

demand for, 51, 168, 316

disembarkation at Veracruz, 64, 137

drowned-body retrieval, 48

as healers, 79–81

in hospitals, 78–81

marriage, 213

Muslim captives, 183

origins of captive Africans, 138

public works projects, 51, 77

rebellions by, 316, 317–18

weapons restrictions, 315–17

white captives, 183

environmental aspects, 44–45, 51, 58, 67, 68, see also disease

environmental determinism

blacks and Africans in the tropics, 67, 80

climate and early modern medical theories, 47–49, 77

climate predictive of character, 67, 81

in descriptions of Veracruz, 82–86

and disease immunity, 80

humors and food, 92–93

and phenotypes, 81

and racism, 88–90

social dynamics, 91

Veracruz separated from Mexican interior, 68

environmental history, 68

Eraso, Cristobál de (military engineer), 52

Escalante Alvarado, García de (alcalde mayor of Veracruz), 45

Escamilla, Alonso Lopez (ship captain), 156

Escobar, Rodrigo (ship captain), 191

Esperanza (enslaved hospital laborer), 80

Espichueta (Juan Çapata) (sailor), 272, 274

Esteves, Jorge (ship's pilot), 185

Estrada, Felipe (ship captain), 128

ethnicity. see also Africans and Afro-descended people

African ethnicity and meta-ethnic labeling, 203–9, 245

and Corpus Christi dance troupes, 221–27, 238

ethnogenesis, 202

ethnolinguistic distinctions in Veracruz, 237–39

localized identities via ethnonyms, 213–20, 221–27, 237

"Rayado" as ethnonym and caste, 215–18

and status, 228–30

table: African Ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205

table: African Second Names in Tlacotalpan, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellín Padrones, 215

table: Corpus Christi Dances, 222

Ewe, 206

Fante, 206

Fernández del Castillo, Francisco, 153

Fernández Pacheco, Felipe Baltasar (viceroy), 183

Fernando (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Ferreira Carvallo, Manuel (slave trader), 179

Ferry, Robert, 128

fire in Veracruz (1618), 75, 88

Fon, 206

Fonseca, Manuel Luis de (slave factor), 179

food, 92–95

France and the French

corsairs, 297, 309, 314, 322

slave trade, 179

trade in Caribbean, 132, 134

Frazier, E. Franklin, 198

French colonialism, 336–38

Fuente, Alejandro de la, 106, 113, 115

Fulotla, María (hospital patient), 245

Gage, Thomas (priest)

description of Veracruz, 61–63, 65, 67, 81, 85, 90

descriptions of Cartagena and Havana, 91–93

García Bernal, Manuela Cristina, 120

García de León, Antonio, 4, 6, 16, 235, 294–95

Garrido, Juan (African-born member of Cortés expedition), 145

Garrido, Pedro (witness), 186

Gerhard, Peter, 210

Geronima, María (tried by Inquisition), 251–54, 258, 260–62, 345

Glissant, Édouard, 12

Godoy (free-black muleteer), 280

Gómez, Barbara (tried by Inquisition), 257

Gómez, Pablo, 69, 91

González Jamaica, Antonio (ship captain), 128

Graaf, Laurens (Lorencillo) de (corsair), 297

Grafenstein, Johanna von, 104

Grandmont, Michel de (Miguel de Grammont) (corsair), 297, 336–38

Gregorio (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Grijalva, Juan de (conquistador), 27, 37–38

Grillo, Domingo (merchant), 174–75

Guerra, Hernando (fleet captain), 258

Guijo, Gregorio Martín de (diarist), 76

Guillén, Alonso (priest), 86

Guilquinsen, Raphael (Ralph Wilkinson) (naval carpenter), 338

Gulf of Mexico, 28, 29, see also Mexican-Caribbean

Gutiérrez (Jalapa), Juana (apprentice diviner and healer), 271–73, 275–86, 345

Gutiérrez, Bartolome (priest), 278

Gutiérrez, Luisa (Juana Gutiérrez's daughter), 278

Guzman, Angela María (diviner and healer), 270–76

Haring, C.H., 300

Hato de Doña María, 45–46, 51

Havana

accounts of, 91–93

trade seasonality, 115

transatlantic trade's economic impact, 109–12

graph: Havana Shipping by Month, 116

table: Havana Shipping Traffic, 110

table: Vessels in Havana and Veracruz by Region, 121

Hawkins, John (corsair), 52

healers, curers, and diviners. see also Inquisition, see also witchcraft

Caribbean experiential, 69

Caribbean origins and connections, 256, 257, 271–76, 276–86

diversity of healing practices, 91, 283–84

enslaved people as healers, 79–81

Hernández Diosdado, Alonso (physicians), 49

Hernández, Diego (ship captain), 168

Hernando (enslaved man), 278

Herrera, Alonso de (alcalde mayor of Veracruz), 50

Herrera, Gaspar de (ship owner), 178

Herrera, Juan Francisco (merchant), 178

Herskovits, Melville J., 198

Herzog, Tamar, 287

Heywood, Linda, 232

Hiebra, Francesca de (resident of Antigua Veracruz), 278

Hispanicization, 239, 240

Histoire et commerce des Antilles Angloises (Butel-Dumont), 341

hospitals. see also disease, see also healers, curers, and diviners, see also public health

captive Africans' treatment, 141, 177

enslaved African labor, 78–81

Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Loreto, 73, 78, 242–47

Hospital de San Juan de Montesclaros, 72, 141

Hospital de San Juan de Ulúa, 141

Hospital de San Martín, 47, 72

Hospital Real de San Juan de Ulúa, 47, 72, 78

treatment of passengers and sailors, 47

table: African Descent Patients, 248

Huejotzingo, 257

Humboldt, Alexander von, 33

hurricane (1552), 44–45, 51, 58

Indigenous peoples. see also Totonac society

Afro-Olmec origin theory, 35–37

belief systems and the sea, 34

Carib people, 61

demographic recovery, 172

interior as Indigenous space, 87

movements policed, 87

population decline in greater Veracruz region, 49

smallpox epidemics, 48–49

Totonac society, 25–26, 34

urbanizing missions by Spanish, 82

Inquisition. see also healers, curers, and diviners, see also witchcraft

anxiety over Veracruz's border, 273, 285

bigamy investigations, 216–18, 291

donkey brain trial, 281

investigating crypto-Judaism, 128–29, 287–88

investigations into Portuguese nationals, 287–88

jurisdictional reach, 292

Santa Marta cult and, 254–56

spiritual border control, 291–92

visita records and slave trade, 153–59, 164–65, 179–81

witchcraft trials, 251–56, 272–75, 279–83

table: Inquisitions Involving Santa Marta, 256

table: Slave Ships in Inquisitorial Visitas, 347

Ireton, Chloe, 188

Islas, Leonor de (tried by Inquisition), 258–60

Jalapa (Gutiérrez), Juana (apprentice diviner and healer), 271–73, 275–86, 345

Jamaica, 224

Jamapa River, 31–32

Jejé, 206

Jews, 127–29

La Joana (possible slave ship), 157

Juanillo (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Juliana (enslaved girl), 271

Klooster, Wim, 103

Kongo, Kingdom of, 222, 264–65

Koromantine/Coromantee, 206

La Perlilla (ship), 260

La Salle, René-Robert Cavalier de (ship captain), 336–38

Lacarra, Juan (merchant), 178

Laws of the Indies, 48, 314

Le Clerc, François, 52

Leon, Juan de (tailor and tribute commissioner), 279

Lerdo de Tejada, Miguel, 16

Leyes de Indias, 48, 315

Libolo, Kingdom of, 223

Limpia Concepción (confraternity), 237

Lobolo (ethnonym), 223–25, 240

Lomelín, Agustín (slave factor), 175

Lomelín, Ambrosio (merchant), 174–75

Lopes Sandoval, Nicolas (doctor), 177

Lopes, Sebastian (alcalde mayor of Papantla), 178

López de Velasco, Juan (Spanish court historian), 146

Lopez Rebolledo, Francisco (inquisitor), 157

López, Juan (ship captain), 272

Lorencillo (Laurens de Graaf) (corsair), 297

Lorenzo (vizcaíno), 272

Lorenzo, Juan (enslaved man), 255

Lower Guinea, 206

Lubolo, Juan (Juan de Bolas) (maroon ship captain), 224

Lucía "La Prieta" (Veracruz resident), 270–76

Lucrecía (formerly enslaved woman), 127–28

Lucumí/Lucumen, 206, 277

Luis (enslaved hospital laborer), 78

Luis (mulato stowaway), 61

Macías Dominguez, Isabelo, 109

Mancera (viceroy of New Spain), 332

Manuel (sailor), 272

Manuel of the Matamba nation (enslaved laborer), 80

Manuel, Miguel (enslaved man), 276

Manzilla, Juan de (free-black creole), 281

María (enslaved hospital laborer), 79

Maria Anna (Blas Prudencia's first wife), 218

María from Arará (enslaved woman), 252

Maria Magdalena (slave ship), 169

Maria Margarita (Blas Prudencia's second wife), 217

maroon settlements, 84, 145, 317

Martínez, Alonso (slave importer), 183

Mata, Bernado de (slave trader), 169

Matamba, Kingdom of, 222

Matory, J. Lorand, 9, 201

Mbondo polity, 222

McNeill, John, 68, 76, 320

Medellín. see also Quiahuiztlán

Medellín census, 210–16