Index extracted from a work of early modern scholarly history, published with an academic press.
Acosta Noguera, Duarte de (ship captain), 185
Adelman, Jeremy, 103
Africans and Afro-descended people. see also captive Africans, see also enslaved peoples, see also environmental determinism, see also ethnicity, see also militia, free-colored, see also religion and spirituality, see also witchcraft
African diaspora, 144
African identities lost, 197–98
African provenance zones, 138, 225, 245
African traditions retained, 232–33
Africanist-creolist debate, 197–200
Afro-Mexicans, 324, 339
Caribbean distinct from mainland, 91
Caribbean migrants in Veracruz, 240–47
confraternities, 227, 230–38, 240
confraternities of San Benito, 234
Corpus Christi processions and dances, 220–30, 238
creole population and caste system, 172, 216–18, 228–30, 324
creolizing process, 208, 233–37
dialogic identities in New Spain, 200–203
kidnapping from New Spain, 299–301, 336
maroon settlements, 145, 317
marriage, 211–13, 216–19
Mexican migrants in Veracruz, 246
migration of free blacks to New World, 188–89
movements policed, 87
participation in colonization, 144–47
and racism, 89–90, 234–37
weapons restrictions on, 314–17
women in leadership, 232
table: African Descent Patients of the Hospital NS de Loreto, 248
table: African Ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205
table: African Second Names in the Tlacotalpan, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellín Padrones, 215
Afro-Mexicans, 324, 339
Afro-Mexico, 10
Afro-Olmec origin theory, 35–37
agriculture, 93–94
Aguirre Beltrán, Gonzalo, 160, 162, 179, 197, 199
Aguirre, Martín de (ship captain), 154
Akwamu, 206
Almindez Cherino, Pedro (conquistador), 183
Altman, Ida, 14
Ambrozio (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Amerindians. see Indigenous peoples
Andrea (friend of Melchora de Torres), 267
Andrés, Gaspar (ship captain), 128
Angola, 203, 207, 208, 245
Angola, Maria (enslaved woman), 185
Angola, María (hospital patient), 245
Angola, Sebastian (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Antigua Veracruz. see also Nueva Veracruz, see also San Juan de Ulúa, see also Ulúacan Coast, see also Veracruz harbor,
accounts of, 50
attack by English corsairs (1568), 52
ethnic demographics, 146
health and climate, 46–51
hurricane (1552), 44–45, 51, 58
relocation, 42, 43, 54–55, 58
renamed Nueva Ciudad de Veracruz, 58
Antonelli, Giovanni Bautista (military engineer), 105, 146, 302
Antonia (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Antonio (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Antonio, Joan (slave importer), 186
Aranguti, Martín de (merchant), 178
Arara, Antonío (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Arará/Arda/Allada, 206
Arenas, Antón (sailor), 155
Arias, Francisco (merchant), 178
Arriaga, Isabel de (enslaved woman), 277
Arrieta, Martim de (ship captain), 165
Arrieta, Santiago de (ship captain), 165
Arriola, Andres de (expedition commander), 339
Arrola, Mattheo de (Geonese man), 281
Asante, 206
attacks and raids. see also defenses
Carib attack on Spanish (1625), 61
English invasion of Jamaica (1655), 224
French occupation of Hispaniola, 322
maroon settlements and Spanish settlements, 317
on Cadíz (1596), 306
on San Germán (1536), 309
sack of Veracruz, 1683, 1, 297–301, 312–14, 322–23, 328
on San Juan de Ulúa (1568), 52
slave rebellions, 316, 317–18
Augusto, Sebastian (merchant), 164
Ávila, Juan de (friar), 300, 314
Balbuena, Bernardo de (abbot), 93
Baltasar (curandero), 282, 284
Banda region, 222
Bando (ethnonym), 222, 225
Bassi, Ernesto, 102
Before Mestizaje (Vinson III), 216
Bejarano, Gaspar de (free-black carpenter), 293
Bello, Antonia (tried by Inquisition), 257
Bendo (ethnonym), 222
Bennett, Herman, 198
Beq, Baltasar (slave trader), 178
Berengel, Juan (merchant), 307
Bernave (enslaved man), 253
Bertrand, Michel, 104
Biafara, Leonor (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Blacks in Colonial Veracruz (Carroll), 200
Blas Antonio (Blas Prudencia) (native of Puerto del Principe), 216–18, 241
Block, Kristen, 253
Bolas, Juan de (Juan Lubolo) (maroon ship captain), 224
Bolton, Herbert, 339
Borucki, Alex, 193
Bourbon Reforms, 236–37, 322, 323
Boyer, Richard, 291
Brathwaite, Edward Kamau, 12
Bravo, Antonio (ship captain), 169
Briñon, Nicolás (Nicholas van Hoorn) (corsair), 297
Bristol, Joan Cameron, 266
British South Sea Company, 181
Buitrón, Juan González de (license receiver), 53
Buiza, Alonso de (resident of the interior), 45
Butel-Dumont, Georges-Marie, 341
Cabrera, Adriana Ruiz de (free-black woman), 270–76, 282
Cádiz, 306, 309
Calvo, Antonio (friar), 63
camino real, 64
Campeche, 336
Campos Moreno, Araceli, 260
Campos, María de (enslaved woman), 293
Cancino, Guillermo (priest), 289
Cañizares-Esguerra, Jorge, 89
Çapata, Juan "Espichueta" (sailor), 272, 275
captive Africans. see also Africans and Afro-descended people, see also enslaved peoples, see also ethnicity, see also slave ships, see also slave trade
arrival in Veracruz, 139
and health, 140, 177
household captives, 182
impounding of, 168, 170
number imported (1595-1640), 161
resident population of Veracruz, 141
social networks and shipmate ties, 193–94
table: African ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205
Carabalí, 206
Careri, Francesco Gemelli (traveler and physician), 84, 92
Carib people, 61
Caribbean. see also Africans and Afro-descended people, see also Mexican-Caribbean,
see also trade,
Caribbean experiential, 69
defense and defenses, 309, 310–12
defense reliance on Spain, 309
geological history, 29
historiography of, 11–12
Veracruz as western limit, 60
Veracruz within Caribbean frame, 1, 6–10, 15–17, 341–46
Carillo de Mendoza, Diego (viceroy), 130
Carroll, Patrick, 199
Cartagena
account of, 91–93
as metonym for spiritual wrongdoing, 273, 285
Santa Marta inquisitions, 255, 257
slave ship traffic, 175
transatlantic trade's economic impact, 109
table: Cartagena Shipping Traffic, 111
Carte de l’archipel de Mexique (Nolin and Coronelli), 341
Casa de la Contratación, 187, 188, 289, 307
Castillo Palma, Norma Angélica, 192
Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio (priest), 140
Cazanga, Ysabela (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Ceballos, Roque Gutiérrez de (sugar plantation owner), 277
Cespedes, Juan de, 94
Cevallos, Agustina de (apprentice diviner and healer), 271–76
Chalchitlapasco (Sacrificios), 25, 26, 38
Champlain, Samuel de (navigator), 30
Chaunu, Huguette, 155, 156
Chaunu, Pierre, 155, 156
chocolate, 126–29, 253
Cholula, 257
Ciudad Real, Antonio de (priest), 82
climate, 31, 33–34, 44–45, 51, 58, 67–69, see environmental determinism, see also disease
cognitive distance, 117, 119, 120
Cohen, Theodore, 199
Colo, Francisco (enslaved hospital laborer), 78, 80
Concepcion (ship), 184
La Concepcion (slave ship), 154, 167
confraternities, 227, 230–38, 240
conversos, 127–29
Córdoba, Fernández de (viceroy of New Spain), 88
Coromantee/Koromantine, 206
Coronación y San Benito confraternity, 234
Coronelli, Vincenzo (engraver), 341
Corpus Christi processions and dances, 220–30, 237
Cortés, Hernando (conquistador), 39–44
Cotaxtla, 37–38
Cotrina, Antonio (contador), 57, 133
Council of the Indies, 307–8, 338
Cozar, Diego de (free-black man), 279
creole ecology, 68
Cromwell, Jesse, 102
Cromwell, Oliver (Lord Protector of England), 90, 322
Cuba
gun foundry, 308, 311
Havana, 91–93, 109–12, 115
re-Africanization, 238
table: Havana Shipping Traffic, 110
table: Vessels in Havana and Veracruz by Region, 121
Cueva, Francisco Fernández de la (viceroy), 322
Curaçao, 177
dances, 221–27, 237
defenses. see also attacks and raids, see also Mexican-Caribbean, see also militia, free-colored
Antonelli system of fortresses, 105, 310–11
attack on Cádiz (1596), 306
attack on San Juan de Ulúa (1568), 52
attack on Veracruz (1683), 297–301, 312–13, 322–23, 328
Bourbon Reforms, 322, 323
collusion by Spanish subjects, 313–14, 318–19
defensive strategy shift, 309–12
disease impacts, 304, 319–20
enslaved and free people of color, 304
forts under-strength, 319–21
gun foundry, 308, 311
overview of problems, 301–5, 307–9
port–coast co-dependence, 321
and regional trade, 328
shipping schedules guarded, 313
Situado system, 327
threats to Spain's colonial enterprise, 312, 321–23, 326–27, 336–39
Ulúacan Coast colonial defense, 53
weapons restrictions, 314–17
Delgado, Hernando (ship captain), 185
demographics. see also enslaved peoples, see also captive Africans, see also ethnicity
Caribbean migrants in Veracruz, 240–47
ethnic demographics of Antigua Veracruz, 146
ethnic demographics of San Juan de Ulúa, 146
Indigenous population, 49, 172
Mexican migrants in Veracruz, 246
population increase along Ulúacan Coast, 71
Portuguese residents, 287–89
and public health, 71–74
slave trade provenance data, 150, 159, 162–63, 176, 182, 225
of soldiers, 83, 320
table: Ships Arriving with Captives in New Spain by Provenance, 151
table: Ships Arriving with Captives in Spanish Caribbean by Provenance, 151
table: African Descent Patients of the Hospital NS de Loreto, 248
table: African Ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205
table: Census of Tlacotalpan, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellín, 212
table: Inquisitions Involving Santa Marta in Mexico and Cartagena, 256
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (expedition member), 30, 37, 38
Díaz, Jorge (slave importer), 183
disease. see also environmental determinism, see also healers, curers, and diviners, see also hospitals,
climate and early modern medical theories, 47–49, 77
and defense, 304, 319–20
links to Caribbean, 78
pestilence in Puerto Rico, 94
Saint Sebastian as patron of Veracruz, 71
smallpox epidemics, 48–49
and Veracruz, 70
yellow fever, 76–78, 79–81, 88, 319–20
divination. see healers, curers, and diviners, see witchcraft
Domingo of the Angolan nation (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Dominguilla (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Dutch Coymans company, 175
Dutch West India Company, 174
Eagle, Marc, 192
Eguiluz, Paula de (Afro-Caribbean healer), 256, 257
Elliott, John, 13
Elvas, Antonio Fernandes de (asiento holder), 170, 185
La Encarnacion (slave ship), 164, 241
Enriquez (mestizo muleteer), 280
Enríquez de Almanza, Martín (viceroy of New Spain), 52
Enríquez, Benito (ship captain), 128
Enriquez, Catalina (alleged Judaizer), 288
Enríquez, Martín (viceroy), 54, 140
enslaved peoples. see also Africans and Afro-descended people, see also captive Africans, see also ethnicity, see also slave ships, see also slave trade
agricultural labor, 94
as defense forces, 304
demand for, 51, 168, 316
disembarkation at Veracruz, 64, 137
drowned-body retrieval, 48
as healers, 79–81
in hospitals, 78–81
marriage, 213
Muslim captives, 183
origins of captive Africans, 138
public works projects, 51, 77
rebellions by, 316, 317–18
weapons restrictions, 315–17
white captives, 183
environmental aspects, 44–45, 51, 58, 67, 68, see also disease
environmental determinism
blacks and Africans in the tropics, 67, 80
climate and early modern medical theories, 47–49, 77
climate predictive of character, 67, 81
in descriptions of Veracruz, 82–86
and disease immunity, 80
humors and food, 92–93
and phenotypes, 81
and racism, 88–90
social dynamics, 91
Veracruz separated from Mexican interior, 68
environmental history, 68
Eraso, Cristobál de (military engineer), 52
Escalante Alvarado, García de (alcalde mayor of Veracruz), 45
Escamilla, Alonso Lopez (ship captain), 156
Escobar, Rodrigo (ship captain), 191
Esperanza (enslaved hospital laborer), 80
Espichueta (Juan Çapata) (sailor), 272, 274
Esteves, Jorge (ship's pilot), 185
Estrada, Felipe (ship captain), 128
ethnicity. see also Africans and Afro-descended people
African ethnicity and meta-ethnic labeling, 203–9, 245
and Corpus Christi dance troupes, 221–27, 238
ethnogenesis, 202
ethnolinguistic distinctions in Veracruz, 237–39
localized identities via ethnonyms, 213–20, 221–27, 237
"Rayado" as ethnonym and caste, 215–18
and status, 228–30
table: African Ethnonyms in Xalapa, 205
table: African Second Names in Tlacotalpan, Tlalixcoyan, and Medellín Padrones, 215
table: Corpus Christi Dances, 222
Ewe, 206
Fante, 206
Fernández del Castillo, Francisco, 153
Fernández Pacheco, Felipe Baltasar (viceroy), 183
Fernando (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Ferreira Carvallo, Manuel (slave trader), 179
Ferry, Robert, 128
fire in Veracruz (1618), 75, 88
Fon, 206
Fonseca, Manuel Luis de (slave factor), 179
food, 92–95
France and the French
corsairs, 297, 309, 314, 322
slave trade, 179
trade in Caribbean, 132, 134
Frazier, E. Franklin, 198
French colonialism, 336–38
Fuente, Alejandro de la, 106, 113, 115
Fulotla, María (hospital patient), 245
Gage, Thomas (priest)
description of Veracruz, 61–63, 65, 67, 81, 85, 90
descriptions of Cartagena and Havana, 91–93
García Bernal, Manuela Cristina, 120
García de León, Antonio, 4, 6, 16, 235, 294–95
Garrido, Juan (African-born member of Cortés expedition), 145
Garrido, Pedro (witness), 186
Gerhard, Peter, 210
Geronima, María (tried by Inquisition), 251–54, 258, 260–62, 345
Glissant, Édouard, 12
Godoy (free-black muleteer), 280
Gómez, Barbara (tried by Inquisition), 257
Gómez, Pablo, 69, 91
González Jamaica, Antonio (ship captain), 128
Graaf, Laurens (Lorencillo) de (corsair), 297
Grafenstein, Johanna von, 104
Grandmont, Michel de (Miguel de Grammont) (corsair), 297, 336–38
Gregorio (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Grijalva, Juan de (conquistador), 27, 37–38
Grillo, Domingo (merchant), 174–75
Guerra, Hernando (fleet captain), 258
Guijo, Gregorio Martín de (diarist), 76
Guillén, Alonso (priest), 86
Guilquinsen, Raphael (Ralph Wilkinson) (naval carpenter), 338
Gulf of Mexico, 28, 29, see also Mexican-Caribbean
Gutiérrez (Jalapa), Juana (apprentice diviner and healer), 271–73, 275–86, 345
Gutiérrez, Bartolome (priest), 278
Gutiérrez, Luisa (Juana Gutiérrez's daughter), 278
Guzman, Angela María (diviner and healer), 270–76
Haring, C.H., 300
Hato de Doña María, 45–46, 51
Havana
accounts of, 91–93
trade seasonality, 115
transatlantic trade's economic impact, 109–12
graph: Havana Shipping by Month, 116
table: Havana Shipping Traffic, 110
table: Vessels in Havana and Veracruz by Region, 121
Hawkins, John (corsair), 52
healers, curers, and diviners. see also Inquisition, see also witchcraft
Caribbean experiential, 69
Caribbean origins and connections, 256, 257, 271–76, 276–86
diversity of healing practices, 91, 283–84
enslaved people as healers, 79–81
Hernández Diosdado, Alonso (physicians), 49
Hernández, Diego (ship captain), 168
Hernando (enslaved man), 278
Herrera, Alonso de (alcalde mayor of Veracruz), 50
Herrera, Gaspar de (ship owner), 178
Herrera, Juan Francisco (merchant), 178
Herskovits, Melville J., 198
Herzog, Tamar, 287
Heywood, Linda, 232
Hiebra, Francesca de (resident of Antigua Veracruz), 278
Hispanicization, 239, 240
Histoire et commerce des Antilles Angloises (Butel-Dumont), 341
hospitals. see also disease, see also healers, curers, and diviners, see also public health
captive Africans' treatment, 141, 177
enslaved African labor, 78–81
Hospital de Nuestra Señora de Loreto, 73, 78, 242–47
Hospital de San Juan de Montesclaros, 72, 141
Hospital de San Juan de Ulúa, 141
Hospital de San Martín, 47, 72
Hospital Real de San Juan de Ulúa, 47, 72, 78
treatment of passengers and sailors, 47
table: African Descent Patients, 248
Huejotzingo, 257
Humboldt, Alexander von, 33
hurricane (1552), 44–45, 51, 58
Indigenous peoples. see also Totonac society
Afro-Olmec origin theory, 35–37
belief systems and the sea, 34
Carib people, 61
demographic recovery, 172
interior as Indigenous space, 87
movements policed, 87
population decline in greater Veracruz region, 49
smallpox epidemics, 48–49
Totonac society, 25–26, 34
urbanizing missions by Spanish, 82
Inquisition. see also healers, curers, and diviners, see also witchcraft
anxiety over Veracruz's border, 273, 285
bigamy investigations, 216–18, 291
donkey brain trial, 281
investigating crypto-Judaism, 128–29, 287–88
investigations into Portuguese nationals, 287–88
jurisdictional reach, 292
Santa Marta cult and, 254–56
spiritual border control, 291–92
visita records and slave trade, 153–59, 164–65, 179–81
witchcraft trials, 251–56, 272–75, 279–83
table: Inquisitions Involving Santa Marta, 256
table: Slave Ships in Inquisitorial Visitas, 347
Ireton, Chloe, 188
Islas, Leonor de (tried by Inquisition), 258–60
Jalapa (Gutiérrez), Juana (apprentice diviner and healer), 271–73, 275–86, 345
Jamaica, 224
Jamapa River, 31–32
Jejé, 206
Jews, 127–29
La Joana (possible slave ship), 157
Juanillo (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Juliana (enslaved girl), 271
Klooster, Wim, 103
Kongo, Kingdom of, 222, 264–65
Koromantine/Coromantee, 206
La Perlilla (ship), 260
La Salle, René-Robert Cavalier de (ship captain), 336–38
Lacarra, Juan (merchant), 178
Laws of the Indies, 48, 314
Le Clerc, François, 52
Leon, Juan de (tailor and tribute commissioner), 279
Lerdo de Tejada, Miguel, 16
Leyes de Indias, 48, 315
Libolo, Kingdom of, 223
Limpia Concepción (confraternity), 237
Lobolo (ethnonym), 223–25, 240
Lomelín, Agustín (slave factor), 175
Lomelín, Ambrosio (merchant), 174–75
Lopes Sandoval, Nicolas (doctor), 177
Lopes, Sebastian (alcalde mayor of Papantla), 178
López de Velasco, Juan (Spanish court historian), 146
Lopez Rebolledo, Francisco (inquisitor), 157
López, Juan (ship captain), 272
Lorencillo (Laurens de Graaf) (corsair), 297
Lorenzo (vizcaíno), 272
Lorenzo, Juan (enslaved man), 255
Lower Guinea, 206
Lubolo, Juan (Juan de Bolas) (maroon ship captain), 224
Lucía "La Prieta" (Veracruz resident), 270–76
Lucrecía (formerly enslaved woman), 127–28
Lucumí/Lucumen, 206, 277
Luis (enslaved hospital laborer), 78
Luis (mulato stowaway), 61
Macías Dominguez, Isabelo, 109
Mancera (viceroy of New Spain), 332
Manuel (sailor), 272
Manuel of the Matamba nation (enslaved laborer), 80
Manuel, Miguel (enslaved man), 276
Manzilla, Juan de (free-black creole), 281
María (enslaved hospital laborer), 79
Maria Anna (Blas Prudencia's first wife), 218
María from Arará (enslaved woman), 252
Maria Magdalena (slave ship), 169
Maria Margarita (Blas Prudencia's second wife), 217
maroon settlements, 84, 145, 317
Martínez, Alonso (slave importer), 183
Mata, Bernado de (slave trader), 169
Matamba, Kingdom of, 222
Matory, J. Lorand, 9, 201
Mbondo polity, 222
McNeill, John, 68, 76, 320
Medellín. see also Quiahuiztlán
Medellín census, 210–16